However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. 1589 | History of Parliament Online What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). Phillip II of Spain proposed marriage to Elizabeth. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. CLO History: What problems did Elizabeth face when she became - Quizlet He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. 1558 -french threat. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. Most people in . At the start of her reign in 1558, Elizabeth faced many problems it was a very tumultuous time for her. Guy states that Northumberland's success in foreign policy was due to ending Somerset's wars . Elizabeth's Accession and Her Legitimacy (GCSE Example Answer - Tutor2u This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. . The war was going badly for England. How far do you agree with the view that Elizabeth remained single VAT reg no 816865400. Manage Settings The plots were often uncovered due to Elizabeths informants and Walsinghams highly efficient spy network. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. Sir Francis Drake and the raid on Cadiz: `Singeing the King of Spains beard. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . 1. Moreover, the brazenness of these revolts was further helped by the blessing of the Pope, whose directives on recusancy and overthrowing Elizabeth were obeyed by many Catholics both domestically and internationally. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. The invasion failed, however. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! LS23 6AD France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. One was debt. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. Marys presence in England posed an on-going threat as she had a strong claim to the throne herself. The most formidable female leaders in history - Stars Insider This partly explained why harsher treatment of Catholics occurred soon after, led by the Council of the North. Elizabeth I and France - History Learning Site She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Drake knew he wasnt able to attack this port with any realistic hope of success. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. However, the settlement was abandoned and no trace of the colonists was ever found. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. During the 1570s, England was starting to have ambitions of establishing an empire of its own and had hoped to become an imperial power that could rival Spain. In order to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII had to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . She was a Protestant. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. PDF Subject: History Year: 10Lesson 3 - Schudio 2) This war was not a success. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. Edward VI - Wikipedia - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. Topic guides / These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. The Council was controlled by southern Protestants and this caused resentment by the northern nobles. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. Why religious compromise was so difficult. The war with Spain continued for 15 years, but the Armada of 1588 was the last real serious Spanish threat to Elizabeths throne. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. What Problems Did Elizabeth Face in 1558? - 844 Words | Studymode This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. West Yorkshire, In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. Student / Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. The Netherlands had been part of the Spanish empire since the 1550s. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. They never met with the Duke of Parma and were forced to sail around the British Isles. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. The plot failed as it was discovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeths principal secretary and spymaster, who placed Throckmorton under surveillance for several months. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. Spymaster and Secretary of State from 1573 Francis Walsingham uncovered the plot. Many of the rebel troops deserted while the two Earls fled to Scotland. Also, the activities of English pirates', who looted Spanish ships, caused problems between Spain and England. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st explanation. Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). Henry himself gave people cause . Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. This meant atholics did not think . The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. This delayed the Spanish attack and gave the English more time to prepare (hence the attempted invasion of the Armada one year later in 1588). 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. . France was at war with England and Spain. Boston House, Apple Ordered to Pay Optis Wireless $300 Million in Second LTE Patent Trial. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). J. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. - Leith blockade. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. Elizabeth would receive a share of the privateers profits and as Englands financial situation was poor at the time, this proved to be an incredibly important source of income for the Queen. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. James also pledged to help Elizabeth if invaded. Led by two powerful Catholic landowners, Thomas Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and Charles Neville, Earl of Westmorland, this rebellions principal aims included the restoration of Catholicism to England, as well as the installation of Mary as Queen of England. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. He was younger than Elizabeth but their union was based on a mutual need for France and England to form an alliance. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. The Northern Earls were unhappy and rebelled for several reasons: The Revolt of the Northern Earls was arguably the most serious rebellion during Elizabeths reign and presented a threat for a number of reasons: During the 1570s and 1580s, there were several plots by Catholics to assassinate Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots. Time line for foreign policy 1559- 1571. They had enjoyed religious freedom under Queen Mary, Elizabeth's sister, and they were now being. Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). Who we are Changelog Terms of Service Privacy Policy FAQ Sitemap, Psychology History Sociology Business Studies, Psychology Sociology Business Studies Mathematics, Latest Posts Resources Workbooks Past Papers. Spouse: None. DOCX www.oasisacademywintringham.org Elizabeth I | Biography, Facts, Mother, & Death | Britannica For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. As such, I disagree with the statement. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . In total, less than 10000 men and half the fleet made it back to Spain. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. The French were Catholic but did not have the same hostility to English Protestantism as Spain was. - rebelling of scottish lords. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. Learning of the Spanish plans to build an Armada and invade England, Drakes mission was to try and stop this. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. July 31st: Battle of Plymouth two Spanish ships were captured. West Yorkshire, This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). The Spanish plan to meet the Duke of Parma at Dunkirk was seriously flawed. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. The Spanish invasion didnt go according to plan when the Spanish Armada was launched in 1588. He even came to England to meet Elizabeth and she even announced before some of her courtiers that she would marry him. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. Foreign Policy 1553 to 1558 - History Learning Site Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. This time, however, the evidence gathered by Walsingham was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. He chose to sail around Scotland and Ireland which presented a dangerous route which the Spanish sailors were unfamiliar with. The Northern Earls staged a rebellion (1569) centred around Mary, aiming to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, raising tension between the two monarchs. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. Englands victory over the Spanish navy in 1588 contributed to their development as a strong naval power to rival Spain. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. The new and updated summary of the British and American history One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. By 1568 most people had accepted. Elizabeth I - Accession | Britannica Another reason Dudley failed was a number of his officers were divided over questions of strategy. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Sir Francis Drake was a leading privateer and responsible for leading several expeditions into the New World in the late 1560s and 1570s. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. Mary's Catholicism and previous alliance with France increased the threat of a French invasion in support of her, which threatened the stability of Elizabeth's kingdom. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. West Yorkshire, Spain and France were the major European powers. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. Elizabeth was inheriting a terrible situation, which she had to sort out. Anthony Babington, an English Catholic, wrote to Mary about the plot. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. As the closest person to God in the eyes of the Catholics, obeying the Pope was of paramount importance and this meant Elizabeth had to be suspicious of other Catholic threats at home. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Company Reg no: 04489574. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. Challenges To Elizabeth At Home And Abroad - Learndojo.org Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. gcse history 16 mark answer - The Student Room The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. Born: 7 September 1533. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. LS23 6AD 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. his early wars against France and his championing of Catholic orthodoxy against the teachings of Martin Luther. However, Elizabeth was fearful that a foreign husband would have not put the needs of England first. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between.
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