Obviously, students in schools are expected to follow the school codes or face some type of reprimand. But curriculum is just one aspect. The narrowing of standardized test scores between males and femalesand across countrieshowever, strongly points to the differences as being cultural constructions that are shifting as the result of changing norms of socialization (Penner 2008). From an early age until adulthood, school is a place where children spend a large portion of their daysand, indeed, their lives. While the initial appeal of zero tolerance policies is that they theoretically apply the same punishment for rule infractions uniformly to everyone, the actual application of the policy does not appear to be so equitable. Schools which have vague and inconsistently enforced rules and ambiguous responses to rule-breaking, teachers and administration who do not agree on rules, and students who do not believe that the rules are legitimate are typically associated with higher discipline problems and have a poor school climate (Welsh et al. Willis (1977; see Chapter 2) argued that working-class boys resisted the values and behaviours promoted in the school environment by acting in deviant ways: by fighting and skipping class. These labels are not easily shed and can have spillover effects into other areas of social interaction, such as peer relations and future teacher expectations (Jones 1972). The series of courses a student should take that best matches his or her abilities and aptitudes; also known as tracking. See Box 6.3 for further discussion about zero tolerance policies in Canada. Character education is part of the official curriculum in some parts of the country. But why would home schooled children be better socialized, as many American proponents have indicated? Teachers are more than just a new person from whom the child must take direction; they influence the socialization of children in several ways. WebSchools and Socialization into Social Class. The students of the school are typically those who have had little success at other high schools and are considered at risk. The school has only three major rules: (1) attendance is mandatory, (2) outreach work is mandatory, and (3) mind-altering substances are prohibited. The rationale behind introducing school uniforms was that standardizing wardrobes would make it impossible for students to wear clothes reflecting gang affiliation and the presence of intruders within schools would be easier to identify as they would stand out in a sea of uniforms. Such negative relationships can put students at risk for social maladjustment as well as emotional and behavioural problems. In conclusion, the agent of socialization refers to the various social institutions, groups, and individuals that shape an individual's social identity and behavior. Schools become a significant social world for children to navigate. The findings suggest that at-risk children may be socialized into a cycle of negative interactions with teachers, which may not only contribute to their future delinquency but also reduce their academic performance. Krahn and Taylor (2007) found that a major influence on course selection was parental education and family income; students from families with lower incomes and in which neither parent had post-secondary qualifications were more likely to take lower-streamed courses. Furthermore, socialization can be divided into two types: primary socialization and secondary socialization. 10. Currie and Kelly (2006) observed that a common yet particularly severe form of name-calling that resulted in the most reputational damage was being called a slut, which results from perceived inappropriate interactions with or seeking attention from boys. Justifications for student dress codes often centre on arguments about maintaining a desirable school image, respect of ones self and others, and preventing distractions (Raby 2010). Specifically, Sprott (2004) found that emotional support in the classroom when children were between 10 and 13 years of age reduced violent behaviour in children two years later. School provides a structured setting in which children can learn and develop social competencies, such as self-confidence, friendship, empathy, participation, respect, gratitude, compassion, and responsibility. Social and emotional learning is important for young people to become conscious members of a solidarity-based community. As noted earlier in this chapter, students with social and emotional disabilities are more likely to be punished under school disciplinary codes of conduct. It can be difficult for teachers to be warm and supportive when behavioural disruptions from students make it challenging for the teacher to perform his or her instructional role (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Verbal abuse by the teacher (which consisted of verbal humiliation, name-calling, and yelling) was also found to negatively impact on students academic achievement. All of these examples require the student to self-regulate his or her bodys physical actions in ways that the child may not have had to do in a family setting. Proponents of streaming argue that putting students in classes with others who have similar abilities creates a better learning environment. As noted by Wentzel and Looney (2006), there are several different social realities to which a child must adapt: In addition to learning different behaviours that are appropriate for school, there are also structural features of school to which children must adapt. Use Google to find home schooling advocacy groups in Canada. The second part discusses gender socialization with a close look and discussion on feminist theory. Many children arrive at school with behavioural problems and emotional needs that are not met in the family environment. 7 & 10(Accessed March 2012). Young people tend to build their social identities around specific peer groups, particularly in adolescence. Like the deviants (below) they had a higher likelihood of alcohol use and sexual behaviour. Alberta Education. As discussed in Chapter 2, Millington, Vertinsky, Boyle, and Wilson (2008) studied physical education curriculum in a Vancouver high school. These play a foundational role in socialization, particularly through schools.Modern video games are often a social environment whereby you may play with others and communicate. Few male role models exist to make young boys interested in subject matter because school subjects and the entirety of the schooling environment are for girls. Activities such as reading are considered girl activities, and behaviours that are valued in a classroom environment, like sitting still and paying attention, are more associated with the behaviours of young girls than boys. Such school environments have been found to breed delinquent behaviour and academic failure. In addition to teaching student subject matter, teachers are often regarded as being responsible for managing the emotional lives of their students (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Gender Socialization. As noted by Raby (2005), the language of school codes of conduct suggests that young people are seen to be incomplete, at risk, and in need of guidance, a position that legitimizes school rules and their enforcement (p. 73). Major agents of socialization include the family and school, but also the media, peer groups, and other major social institutions such as religion and the legal system. Being presented with that curriculum is one way that children are socialized into becoming desirable members of the public. Many critics of home schooling have argued that because school is such an important basis for socialization, this can only mean that children who are home schooled are going to be missing out on some very key aspects of socialization. [S]tudents who aspire to careers that involve the development, production, teaching and study of more complex texts need to register in this course sequence. The table above shows the differences and similarities between the curricula of the two streams. What are the rationales behind the proposed solutions? For example, in order for someone to become a doctor he/she Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. Bourdieus theory of cultural capital (see Cultural Reproduction in Chapter 2) addresses this type of acculturation, stating that teachers regard certain types of outlooks and student styles as more desirable than others and for students to succeed they need to conform to the cultural practices of the dominant social and cultural class. School helps your child learn skills to relate to different personality types. It is implied, however, that more male role models in the classroom would improve boys improvementbut critics again argue that this view relies on a single vision of masculinity that is assumed to be the same among all male teachers (Greig 2003). They were also more likely to be married. This, in turn, influenced students motivation and performance. It has been found that peer abuse results in low self-esteem and depression (Boulton and Underwood 1993; Rigby and Slee 1995; Salmon and James 1998; Slee 1995; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), feelings of insecurity (Slee 1995), anxiety (Slee 1994), and social withdrawal (McCarthy 1997). Language arts and science, as mentioned above, are also often divided into applied and academic trajectories. Characteristics of the school, teachers, and the peer group all influence the socialization of children within school settings. This type of aggression is often simply referred to as meanness. What solutions are being offered? Asked about the inappropriateness of their behaviour, one student was quoted as saying, Theyre not setting a good example if theyre going to be doing that. Their inability to behave in ways that are socially acceptable can have many causes, such as parenting styles and disciplinary techniques in the home (Putallaz and Heflin 1990). While the characteristics of teachers in the process of socialization have been discussed above, another related feature that has been found to be associated with behavioural outcomes in children is school climate. This curriculum is intended as preparation for calculus at the university level.. Some explanations of this biological destiny are based on evolutionary theory (Geary 1996), hormonal differences (Kimura and Hampson 1994), and brain physiology (Baron-Cohen 2003), all suggesting that the basis of differential performance by sex was based on some feature of the brain that was unchangeable. Previous explanations of males outperformance of females in science and mathematics suggested that biological factors predisposed males to be better at more technical subjects than females. A Historical Overview of Education in Canada, 6. What group(s) were you in? 9. Brint (1998) identifies three major zones of socialization within classrooms (see Figure 6.2). Schools socialize children by teaching them their formal curricula but also a hidden curriculum that imparts the cultural values of the society in which the schools are found. One of these values is the need to respect authority, as evidenced by these children standing in line. The reading scores of boys have been framed by many as a global moral panic (because of the attention the issue is receiving around the world) because there is a perception that outperformance by girls threatens the established gendered social order. Raby (2005) further argues that school codes of conduct reflect middle-class, often White, and rather gendered values. The influence of social capital, however, does not always work in a manner than enhances academic achievement and prosocial behaviours. Such findings have resulted in mixed reactions. (2007) found that across numerous studies from the English-speaking world, peer groups generally fell into five very broad categories: elites, athletes, deviants, academics, and others. Elites were regarded as having high status, and members were generally successful in extracurricular activities and academics. Children who have negative relationships with teachers are also more likely to view school as an unpleasant place and be at a disadvantage in terms of learning. As noted by Sweet et al. Individuals of a similar age and social identity; in school, the peer group is typically a childs classmates in younger years and then becomes more specific to particular adolescent subgroups in the teenage years. The gender gap between males and females in these subjects has narrowed considerably in recent years, with boys and girls performing about the same in both Canada and the United States (Lauzon 2001). A possible reason for this is that teachers may talk in staff meetings about students whom they perceive as problematic, which may influence future teachers interactions with those students. Martino and Kehler (2006, 2007) have argued that such demands for male teachers to fix the problem of boys underachievement is actually a subtle ploy to re-traditionalize schools using a strategy of normalizing hegemonic masculinities (discussed in Chapter 2). However, as Greig (2003) points out, this approach assumes that all boys like a particular type of book and that there is a standardized masculine identity that should be cultivated. As well, in such discussions, the impact that this would have on female students is rarely considered (Greig 2003). During socialization, a person learns to become a member of a group, community, or society. The names given to such social groups change across time and cultural trends, although the labelling of jocks (students who participate in a lot of sports) and brains (students who excel academically) and nerds (socially excluded students) seem to span across generations. If students believe that their teacher has lower expectations of them, this can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy of low achievement. Failure to be accepted by peers can be devastating for children, especially when it is manifested in acts of peer victimization and peer rejection. In other words, they felt that they were more likely to receive disciplinary action for a rule infraction than White students. WebMaster the fundamentals of SPSS with this newly updated and instructive resource The newly and thoroughly revised Second Edition of SPSS Essentials delivers a comprehensive guide for students in the social sciences who wish to learn how to use the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for the effective collection, management, and Prior to attending school, childrens main source of socialization comes from their families. Moral education and character education are even found in some provinces curricula (Box 6.1). Theories in the Sociology of Education, 3. Socialized delinquency is the violation of the law by individuals younger than 18 years that 2. This also has the effect of creating resentment and rule breaking among students, especially when they see the rules as pointless and arbitrary. Research in Canada suggests that non-White students perceive that school rules are unequally enforced (MacDonell and Martin 1986; Ruck and Wortley 2002). There are, however, a significant number of children, not only in Canada but in the United States and beyond, that do not attend school in the way that has been described here. The development of the generalized other, where a child learns to adopt the attitudes of the wider society, occurs in secondary socialization. The staff keep track of who is earning the bears, and perhaps more importantly, who is not. In order to address the boy problem, the Ontario Ministry of Education has created guides for improving boys literacy.8 Booklets called Me Read? In Chapter 2, Meads theory of development of the self was discussed. Recognizing that such negative peer interactions can have a profound impact on childhood socialization and later-life well-being (Canadian Council on Learning 2008), many schools have adopted strict anti-bullying policies that are incorporated into their school rules. Effective school climates can positively influence students, despite their home conditions, race, gender, or social class (McEvoy and Welker 2000). These preferred styles reflect normative cultural values about what is valued cultural knowledge. Researchers have suggested that codes of conduct may be more positively received when they are worded in a manner that includes. She notes that personal style is very much at the heart of social identities and how a girl presents her body is akin to her social skin. While Pomerantz was collecting her data between 2002 and 2003, there were two particular uniforms for girls at East Side Highthe Britney look and the JLo look, named after pop music icons Britney Spears and Jennifer Lopez, respectively. Such instances spark debate around the role of schools in promoting particular social values. Smaller groups of friends exist within the school setting, and these peer groups often have names that suggest the lifestyle characteristics of the members (Sussman et al. Victims also tend to experience irritability (Sharp 1995), anxiety (Olweus 1978; Salmon and James 1998; Sharp 1995; Slee 1994), and anger and self-pity (Borg 1998). Skelton (2001) has noted, however, that the predominance of female teachers is not a new thing but has been the status quo since the nineteenth century. Students are active in decisions surrounding the administration of the school, content of learning, and social events. This story represents school at its most frightening and disturbing. Jussim and Harber (2005) found that the expectations that teachers have about their students influenced how they behaved toward them. Students usually have little or no say in how these rules are developed and are therefore on unequal social footing in the sense that the rules are presented to them to be followed as a condition of their participation in education. 1982). The styles were adopted by girls largely based on race, with White girls sporting the Britney look and the Asian and Hispanic girls wearing JLo styles. Single-sex schools have also been suggested as a solution to the boy problem. Greig (2003) argues that proponents of such arguments are engaged in a discussion that assumes that boys are in need of gender repair (Lingard and Douglas 1999). Canadian research has produced similar results to its American counterpart. What are Brints three zones of socialization? As discussed above, the teacher becomes an important new figure of authority for young children when they first begin formal schooling. What kinds of lessons do they plan around the topic of morality? Schools can be protective factors in childrens socialization if the right conditions are met. Abuse of students by teachers is a rare occurrence, but when it does happen there are children who are at a greater risk of being victimized.10 In terms of victims of verbal abuse by teachers, these children are more likely to be boys and to display at risk characteristics early on (i.e., from kindergarten), such as antisocial behaviours, and have attention problems (particularly boys). For example, we learn the importance of obeying authority and Not all post-secondary institutions, however, accept ELA 30-2 for entry. What were the characteristics of popular students? The structure of school and the structure of the family are obviously very different. Schools codes of conduct serve to penalize those who do not conform. At-risk children who display early aggression and signs of early offending can have these risks reduced if the school environment is a supportive one. The term became associated with school disciplinary procedures in 1994 when the Gun-Free Schools Act was passed in the United States, which required that students who possessed a firearm at school be expelled for no less than one year (Cerrone 1999). Secondary socialization happens throughout our lives, as we interact with No Way! First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. School board rules also prohibit vandalism, aggression, and racist, homophobic, sexual, and gender-biased speech. In 2004, the Ontario Human Rights Commission provided evidence that since the adoption of the Safe Schools Act, a disproportionate number of students with various disabilities had been suspended or expelled (Bhattacharje 2003). A dimension of socialization including the self-regulations of the body required of students to fit into the school environment, such as raising a hand or sitting still. (2010) found that in Grade 9 streaming practices in Ontario, Black African and Caribbean students were disproportionately found in the lower streams. Students who have good relationships with their teacher are also likely to have better mental health, feel more connected to their school, and experience positive academic outcomes (Jennings and Greenberg 2009). Girls are bullied for being unattractive, not being dressed fashionably, and being physically overdeveloped (Shakeshaft and Barber 1995). This may severely limit their future ability of getting admitted to post-secondary training that leads to higher paying jobs with high status (Krahn and Taylor 2001). Adapted from Dreeben, Robert, 1968, On What is Learned in School, Percheron Press, A Division of Eliot Werner Publications, Inc., Used with permission. In other words, boys need to be in places where traditional expressions of masculinities can be fostered and nurtured because the current organization of school does not allow this. Socialization is a twofold process occurring at both the social and individual levels that accomplish two main goals. What are peer groups and what does social identity mean? In school, the peer group is typically a childs classmates in younger years and then becomes more specific to particular adolescent subgroups in the teenage years. These goals (e.g., learning to share, participating in lessons, working in groups), when embraced, also serve to integrate the child into social groups at school. Creating and enforcing codes of conduct can therefore be viewed as a form of socialization whose objective it is to create the desirable student. During the process of cultural conformity, children learn about accepted perspectives and styles of expression. The goal of such acts is to damage others reputations and social standings within the peer group. Students also learn their gender at school. 1. Other research findings reveal that this is more than a perception and that abject racism has been detected in schools use of disciplinary procedures (Ferguson, Tilleczek, Boydell, and Rummens 2005). Lamb, Bigler, Riben, and Green (2009) have also found that if teachers teach children to confront and challenge sexist stereotypes, the results can decrease gender stereotyping behaviour, particularly in girls. Until the 1990s, males had been outperforming females on standardized testing in most countries around the world. Davies and Aurini (2003) argue that Canadian parents who home schooled advocated for pedagogical individualismin other words, home schooling allowed them to cater to their childs individual learning styles and interestssomething that would not be possible in a classroom of 25 (or more) students. The term streaming(also known as tracking) refers to the series of courses a student should take that best matches his or her abilities and aptitudes. The others category was a catchall for various other peer groups, such as nerds, band club, normals, loners, and the unpopular. Types of socialization: primary, secondary and tertiaryPrimary socialization. You might say that primary socialization is the most important since its the first stage you go through in childhood.Secondary socialization. Secondary socialization comes next. Tertiary socialization. Some authors talk about a third type of socialization in people, which begins with old age and goes into retirement. School sports are another area that can cultivate gender stereotypes. Peer aggression can also take the form of relational aggression, which has been identified as behaviour specific to girls (Artz 1998; Simmons 2002). The Consumer Mathematics curriculum addresses financial management, career exploration, home ownership and maintenance, as well as more traditional topics such as trigonometry and statistics. What are some conflicts that arise around the topic of school rules? Being the member of a peer group that engages in deviant or rebellious behaviour, for example, may increase the bond of students within those groups but also serve to reinforce related attitudes and behaviours that result in poor school performance. The ways school socialises a person. Socialization is a process of inheriting the customs, ethnicity and philosophies which provides them with expertise and ways which are important for the people to be a part of their own society. Sociologists have divided socialization in Six (6) groups. The first one is Primary socialization in which the Children must learn the work ethic that goes along with school and understand the goals of learning as well as adjusting their efforts according to teacher feedback. The most frequently mentioned motivations were the desire to bond the family through a common educational pursuit, objections to the organization of schools, and a desire to personally enrich the curriculum. Give examples of how each works. Socialization that occurs within the family, where children first learn their own individual identity, acquire language, and develop cognitive skills. What are the outcomes of home schooling in terms of the socialization of children? Research in Quebec has similarly found that when parents were asked why they home schooled, very rarely did they give reasons associated with religious or political beliefs (Brabant, Bourdon, and Jutras 2003). The home schooled also tended to attach a great deal more importance to religious beliefs than the comparable population. However, there is some evidence that home schooled children are acquiring the rules of behavior and systems of beliefs and attitudes they need. Brunsma (2005, 2006) argues that in the United States, school uniforms have not been effective in addressing any of the issues they were intended to resolve. Positive peer group support has been found to be associated with academic success and prosocial behaviours. Opponents to uniforms argue that they impinge on students self-expression, create a disciplinarian environment, and do little to equalize social class differences among students. Finally, the question of how home schooling affects the socialization of children was addressed. In addition to the two dominant uniforms, Pomerantz (2008) noted that girls also described their styles as comfortable, sporty, goth, punk, alternative, dressy, classy, preppy, regular, casual, weird, skater, random, hip hop (p. 10) and various combinations. Standardized tests (discussed in Chapter 5) often exert considerable influence in allocating children into specific streams. They also tended to be popular. The delinquent behaviours are thought to merge a complex interaction of individual personal characteristics with properties of their environment and situations. A major objective of socialization in the school setting is to make a child socially competent. Identify how the role of the family differs from the role of the school in the socialization process. The term zero tolerance first gained popularity in the area of law enforcement in the United States. Summarize how students learn about gender roles in school. Peer-rejected children, however, are not only aggressive children. If activities and behaviours are gendered by teachers, this can have an impact on how children see appropriate female and male roles. Summarize how streaming contributes to socialization in schools. And How! In April of 2007, zero tolerance policies were removed from Ontario schools.6. 8. How do children decide what courses they will take in secondary school? Warm and supportive teachers and a positive school climate are crucial for the positive social development of children, and the absence of such can have long-term detrimental effects on students, particularly if they have family problems. As Table 6.1 illustrates, there are many new things for children to get used to in the school setting. The outrage that followed the display by the Winnipeg teachers strongly supports the idea that teachers are implicit moral role models. Teachers who hold negative stereotypes about low-achieving or minority students may also expect such students to consistently perform poorly. If they do not go to school, how do they learn many of the basic skills that are engrained in the early years of the school experience? WebSome kids need extra help learning and following social rules. As well, much flexibility exists in the structure and content of courses as they are shaped by student interest. In contrast, the English language arts academic trajectory in Alberta is ELA 10-1, 20-1, and 30-1 [which] provides a more in-depth study of text in terms of textual analysis. The role of peer groups was also discussed. Elsewhere in Canada, zero tolerance policies are likely to be in place around specific actions. WebFor example, in the United States, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students (Bowles and Gintis 1976). The government also funds other programs that provide